Describe How Children Learn, with Reference to Major Theories

Children’s learning and developmental theories How children learn is very important in child care and in understanding how a child is to development. As children who are deprived of stimulation in early years develop slower, this statement opens up a massive debate which has been unanswered for years, the nature v nurture debate. There are 3 models of learning that cover all this debate and strive to be the correct theory they are the transmission model, the laissez-faire model and the constructivist view. How children learn Firstly we must look at the different ways in which children learn. There are firsthand experiences, children need to experience and understand things, you can tell a child what snow is yet they won’t understand till†¦show more content†¦Skinner believed this was important in learning as adults teach children on a positive negative reinforcement basis, e.g if a child is good they receive a treat (positive reinforcement) and the child is likely to repeat the behaviour, but if the child is bad they receive a punishment (negative reinforcement) and the behaviour is likely to stop. Although both Pavlov’s and skinners research was performed on animals so how much can we contrast from the behaviour of an animal to the behaviour of a human. In my placement when a child is naughty there are methods used to discourage this behaviour, when a child is naughty there name gets put on the ‘thinking lily pad’ this indicates a child has been bad. The reinforcement is negative as no child wants to be there, whereas if a child is good there name gets put on the ‘fantastic flower’ this positive reinforcement encourages the children to behave and contribute to the lesson, if all children in the class are on the fantastic flower then a dragon fly gets moved to the top of the display board, when this has happened 6 times all children get a treat. This encourages the whole class to work together to behave, it works as whenShow MoreRelatedPiaget vs. Vygotsky1120 Words   |  5 PagesThe theory of cognitive development is defined as the development of the ability to think and reason. There are many theorists who have studied cognitive theories and the most famous is Jean Piaget. Cognitive development covers the physical and emotional stages of a child. The basic premise for cognitive development is to show the different stages of the development of a child so you can understand where the child might be in their development. 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Political Risk in Venezuela Free Essays

The political climate in Venezuela is very unsettled, this is because of the course of action the president decides to take. However the biggest risk is to industry –type company’s that have major operations in Venezuela. This is exemplified in the operations of foreign oil companies and mining companies with operation in or with Venezuela. We will write a custom essay sample on Political Risk in Venezuela or any similar topic only for you Order Now The greatest risk in conducting business is straightforward expropriation. Another major risk that foreign companies face while operating in Venezuela is increased income tax. The tax rates tend to be subjective and can change depending on the revenue and size (growth) of the company. The largest risk facing any foreign company such as the proposed from class is converting the local currency (Bolivar) to outside currency. This is mainly because of the bureaucracy involved exchanging the currency, which is governed by the Central Bank of Venezuela and the National Exchange Control Administration. This is especially applicable to the U. S. currency because of current relations. * The additional expenditures accumulate because of time and resources required to transfer money abroad. Venezuela’s democracy is broken according to the standards of the OAS Inter-American Democratic Charter. This may mean that changes to the political climate to further burden the operations of business will prove to be futile. Living Conditions Venezuela has a national poverty percentage of 52% according to the World Bank. There is considerable income inequality, especially in densely populated areas. This becomes a concern because Venezuela has had massive economic growth compared to historical percentages. The unemployment rate is 6. 6% at the year-end of 2009. This is considered to be low when factoring in that many people engage in subsistence farming and small-scale trade, which is not considered part of the unemployment count. There is a large gap in income where the population is considerably wealthy or poor to very poor. The population averages out to upper middle class income. The World Bank states that the GNI per capita in Venezuela is $12,370 USD in 2009 (The World Bank). However with 95% literacy rate we can deduce that many Venezuelans are well educated. This widens the market segment for products that involve interaction with the individual. One such example would be exercise products that come with routines by book and/or video. Inner city residents live in apartments, condominiums and small houses, which are in close proximity. The cost of living increases closer to the city center especially in large cities such as Caracas. The inner city residents are mostly middle class to upper middle class. Upper class Venezuelans live outside the city usually in the hills in gated communities. The lower class lives in slums located in the perimeter of the cities and use public transportation to go to the city center. The lower class may also live on estates and work for the upper class in large numbers especially on large farms. Reference http://data.worldbank.org/country/venezuela-rb www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35766.htm How to cite Political Risk in Venezuela, Essay examples

Role Of Caspase 3 And Other Important Proteins †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Role Of Caspase 3 And Other Important Proteins Such As The Inhibitors And The Promoters In The Process Of Apoptosis. Answer: Apoptosis is considered as a crucial physiological process that accounts for programmed cell death whereby elimination of the dead cells takes place by means of fragmentation into membrane bound particles that are eventually phagocytized by other cells. It is a stringently regulated genetic process and is triggered due to presence or absence of certain stimuli. In this context, caspases are referred to as family of endoproteases that is responsible for maintaining the homeostasis through regulation of cell death and inflammation. Depending upon their modes of action, these caspases have been classified into either initiator caspases or executioner caspases. Among these caspases, caspase 3 is considered as an executioner caspase that plays important role in cleaving and activating other executioner caspases thereby causing triggering of accelerated loop of caspase activation. Hallmarks of apoptosis related to chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation is carried out by caspase 3 apa rt from performing functions related to dismantling of cells and formation of apoptotic bodies. Specific cleavage of key cellular proteins and loss of cell viability are also performed by caspase 3. Activation of caspase 3 has been found to be largely dependent upon the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and function of initiator caspase, caspase 9 (McIlwain, Berger and Mak, 2015). Further studies have highlighted on the relative abundance of cellular proteins and their respective roles that account for cell death by apoptosis. Receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) has been identified as a governing factor that represents the activation of caspase 8 and eventual death of cells by means of apoptosis. Another role played by this protein allows for induction of the pro-inflammatory cell death termed as necroptosis in conjunction with another protein labeled as RIPK1 in response to the death inducing TNF- family member (Newton et al. 2014). However, the regul ation of apoptosis has been studied to be largely dependent upon and determined by the relative distribution of the pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins that act as promoters and inhibitors respectively. In this regard, the physiological control exerted by the BCL2 protein family has been recognized to be vital for depicting the commitment of cells towards apoptosis through setting up of a threshold due to interplay among the members of the protein family. The BH3 domain subset of the BCL2 protein has been found to promote apoptosis through interaction of its components such as Bim, Bid, BAD and others. Other members of BCL2 family are held responsible for initiating the Bax/Bak dependent apoptosis in the mitochondria (Czabotar et al. 2014). Further research conducted in this context, confirmed that a complex network of bimolecular interactions comprising of both transient as well as relatively stable associations account for the regulation of the BCL2 family proteins rather th an a mere rheostat mechanism of maintain the balance and sensitivity of the cells towards apoptotic stress. BAX and BCL-XL follow a dynamic pattern of interaction to exert their potential apoptotic influence over the cells by shuttling between the cytoplasm and the mitochondrial outer membrane (Volkmann et al. 2014). References Czabotar, P.E., Lessene, G., Strasser, A. and Adams, J.M., 2014. Control of apoptosis by the BCL-2 protein family: implications for physiology and therapy.Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology,15(1), p.49. McIlwain, D.R., Berger, T. and Mak, T.W., 2015. Caspase functions in cell death and disease.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology,7(4). Newton, K., Dugger, D.L., Wickliffe, K.E., Kapoor, N., de Almagro, M.C., Vucic, D., Komuves, L., Ferrando, R.E., French, D.M., Webster, J. and Roose-Girma, M., 2014. Activity of protein kinase RIPK3 determines whether cells die by necroptosis or apoptosis.Science,343(6177), pp.1357-1360. Volkmann, N., Marassi, F.M., Newmeyer, D.D. and Hanein, D., 2014. The rheostat in the membrane: BCL-2 family proteins and apoptosis.Cell death and differentiation,21(2), p.206.